This article reviews the symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment for heart attacks and strokes.
What Is a Stroke?
Strokes occur when there is not enough blood flow to the brain. This lack of blood starves the brain of the essential oxygen it needs to function, leading to brain cell death.
There are two main types of strokes:
Ischemic strokes result from a blockage inside a vessel in the brain. 87% of all strokes are ischemic. Hemorrhagic strokes result from a vessel bleed inside the brain. This type is less common, accounting for about 13% of all strokes.
Symptoms
Stroke symptoms usually come on quickly and include:
Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg (usually occurs more on one side of the body)Difficulty seeing in one or both eyesConfusionDifficulty speakingIssues with walking, coordination, dizziness, or balanceA severe headache that occurs “out of the blue”
Strokes are life-threatening and require emergency care. If you think that you or someone else is having a stroke, call 911 as soon as possible.
Causes
Several major factors can increase your risk of having an ischemic stroke, including:
Hypertension, or high blood pressure Diabetes Heart disease Atrial fibrillation Smoking Genetic history of heart disease or strokes Older age
Lifestyle factors that can increase your risk of ischemic stroke include:
Lack of physical activity Alcohol use Illegal drug use High cholesterol Obesity Unhealthy diet
Hemorrhagic strokes are due to bleeding in the brain, and usually occur from one of the following factors:
Aneurysm: A “ballooning” part of a blood vessel in the brain caused by increased pressure that eventually ruptures Arterial malformation: A group of abnormally formed blood vessels
There is also a link between head trauma and an increased risk of having a hemorrhagic stroke in the future.
Side Effects
How a stroke affects someone can differ depending on which part of the brain is involved. Although each stroke is unique, some of the after-effects may include:
Paralysis on the right or left side of the bodySpeech or language problemsMemory lossBehavioral issuesVision problemsDeath
What Is a Heart Attack?
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when blood flow to the heart is severely reduced or stopped. This can occur due to an accumulation of plaque within a blood vessel that causes the vessel to become narrower. The blockage is primarily made up of fat and cholesterol, known as atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis can cause ischemia by restricting blood flow to the heart. In addition, if a piece of plaque breaks off from the artery wall, a blood clot may form, which can block essential blood flow to the heart muscle.
Either way, when the heart muscle stops receiving oxygen and nutrient-rich blood flow, cells in the heart become damaged or die.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of a heart attack is usually chest pain or discomfort on the left or middle part of the chest that lasts for more than three minutes. This pressure can feel like squeezing, fullness, pain, or pressure.
Other symptoms of a heart attack can include:
Lightheadedness (feeling weak or faint) Jaw, neck, or back pain Pain in the shoulders or arms Shortness of breath Tiredness with no cause Nausea or vomiting Sweating Heart palpitations
Causes
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of a heart attack. CAD is also the leading cause of death in the United States.
Other health conditions increase your risk of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. These include:
Hypertension, or high blood pressureObesityHigh cholesterolSmokingAlcohol or illegal drug abuseEating a diet high in fat, salt, and sugarLack of physical exercise
Uncontrollable risk factors include a family history of heart attacks and older age.
Side Effects
Recovery after a heart attack depends on many factors, including:
Severity of the heart attackType of treatment givenThe person’s overall health
It’s crucial to discuss recovery steps with your healthcare provider. In some cases, people can return to work and normal daily activities anywhere from two weeks to three months after having a heart attack.
Other complications connected with having a heart attack include:
Heart failure Arrhythmias Sudden cardiac arrest Depression and anxiety
Treatment
Stroke Treatment
If you suspect that you or a loved one shows signs of having a stroke, call 911 immediately. Going to the hospital by ambulance enables a person to be diagnosed and treated more quickly.
In addition, some stroke treatments, such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), must be given within a few hours of the onset of an ischemic stroke.
Upon arrival at the hospital, patients will have non-invasive diagnostic testing with a computerized tomography (CT) scan to determine the type of stroke and the best course of treatment.
Some of the treatments for stroke that may help save brain tissue include:
MedicationSurgical treatments, such as clipping (for a hemorrhagic stroke)Endovascular procedures, such as coiling (for an ischemic stroke)
Heart Attack Treatment
If you have or see signs of someone having a heart attack, call 911 immediately.
Treatment for a heart attack is usually dependent on a diagnostic angiogram that can view blood flow to your heart and determine how well your heart is pumping.
After determining the type of heart attack, some of the treatment methods given may include:
Clot-dissolving drugs (thrombolysis) to restore blood flow Balloon angioplasty, or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), involves a catheter with an inflated balloon to push and hold the plaque against the artery wall Artificial heart valve surgery replaces an abnormal or diseased heart valve with a new one Atherectomy involves inserting a catheter with a rotating shaver on its tip to cut away plaque from the artery Stent procedure involves inserting a wire mesh tube to prop open an artery during angioplasty Surgery, such as coronary artery bypass graphing (CABG) Minimally invasive heart surgery, an alternative to standard bypass surgery
In some cases, a patient may receive a combination of treatments.
Prevention
There are several ways to prevent a stroke and heart attack, such as:
Know your risk factorsExercise regularly (be sure to talk to your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise program)Eat a nutritious dietMaintain a healthy weightDon’t smokeManage health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterolTake medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider
Summary
Strokes and heart attacks result from a lack of oxygen-rich blood flow for essential brain and heart function. Both are life-threatening and can lead to long-term disability. They differ in that strokes result from blockages of blood flow to the brain, whereas heart attacks result from blockages to the heart.
Although some risk factors, such as age or genetics, are uncontrollable, many lifestyle risk factors can be addressed to minimize your chances of having a stroke or heart attack. These include eating healthy, exercising, not smoking, and managing existing health conditions.
If you or someone else has symptoms of a stroke or heart attack, call 911 immediately. Faster treatment leads to a greater chance of recovery.
A Word From Verywell
The thought of you or a loved one having a stroke or a heart attack can be frightening. Fortunately, there are several ways that you can reduce your risk and prevent these events from occurring. If you do see someone showing signs of a stroke or heart attack, it’s crucial to act quickly by calling 911 to ensure the best chance of recovery.
If you have a TIA, you are at a greater risk of having a major stroke in the future. Talk to your healthcare providers about ways to lower your chances of having a stroke.
Chest painLightheadednessJaw, neck, or back painPain in the shoulders or armsShortness of breathTiredness with no causeNausea or vomitingSweatingHeart palpitations
